Satterthwaite

Here we describe the details of the Satterthwaite degrees of freedom calculations.

Satterthwaite degrees of freedom for asymptotic covariance

In Christensen (2018) the Satterthwaite degrees of freedom approximation based on normal models is well detailed and the computational approach for models fitted with the lme4 package is explained. We follow the algorithm and explain the implementation in this mmrm package. The model definition is the same as in Details of the model fitting in mmrm.

We are also using the same notation as in the Details of the Kenward-Roger calculations. In particular, we assume we have a contrast matrix $C \in \mathbb{R}^{c\times p}$ with which we want to test the linear hypothesis $C\beta = 0$. Further, $W(\hat\theta)$ is the inverse of the Hessian matrix of the log-likelihood function of $\theta$ evaluated at the estimate $\hat\theta$, i.e. the observed Fisher Information matrix as a consistent estimator of the variance-covariance matrix of $\hat\theta$. $\Phi(\theta) = \left\{X^\top \Omega(\theta)^{-1} X\right\} ^{-1}$ is the asymptotic covariance matrix of $\hat\beta$.

One-dimensional contrast

We start with the case of a one-dimensional contrast, i.e. $c = 1$. The Satterthwaite adjusted degrees of freedom for the corresponding t-test are then defined as: $$\hat\nu(\hat\theta) = \frac{2f(\hat\theta)^2}{f{'}(\hat\theta)^\top W(\hat\theta) f{'}(\hat\theta)}$$ where $f(\hat\theta) = C \Phi(\hat\theta) C^\top$ is the scalar in the numerator and we can identify it as the variance estimate for the estimated scalar contrast $C\hat\beta$. The computational challenge is essentially to evaluate the denominator in the expression for $\hat\nu(\hat\theta)$, which amounts to computing the $k$-dimensional gradient $f{'}(\hat\theta)$ of $f(\theta)$ (for the given contrast matrix $C$) at the estimate $\hat\theta$. We already have the variance-covariance matrix $W(\hat\theta)$ of the variance parameter vector $\theta$ from the model fitting.

Jacobian approach

However, if we proceeded in a naive way here, we would need to recompute the denominator again for every chosen $C$. This would be slow, e.g. when changing $C$ every time we want to test a single coefficient within $\beta$. It is better to instead evaluate the gradient of the matrix valued function $\Phi(\theta)$, which is therefore the Jacobian, with regards to $\theta$, $\mathcal{J}(\theta) = \nabla_\theta \Phi(\theta)$. Imagine $\mathcal{J}(\theta)$ as the the 3-dimensional array with $k$ faces of size $p\times p$. Left and right multiplying each face by $C$ and $C^\top$ respectively leads to the $k$-dimensional gradient $f'(\theta) = C \mathcal{J}(\theta) C^\top$. Therefore for each new contrast $C$ we just need to perform simple matrix multiplications, which is fast (see h_gradient() where this is implemented). Thus, having computed the estimated Jacobian $\mathcal{J}(\hat\theta)$, it is only a matter of putting the different quantities together to compute the estimate of the denominator degrees of freedom, $\hat\nu(\hat\theta)$.

Jacobian calculation

Currently, we evaluate the gradient of $\Phi(\theta)$ through function h_jac_list(). It uses automatic differentiation provided in TMB.

We first obtain the Jacobian of the inverse of the covariance matrix of coefficient ($\Phi(\theta)^{-1}$), following the Kenward-Roger calculations. Please note that we only need $P_h$ matrices.

Then, to obtain the Jacobian of the covariance matrix of coefficient, following the algorithm, we use $\Phi(\theta)$ estimated in the fit to obtain the Jacobian.

The result is a list (of length $k$ where $k$ is the dimension of the variance parameter $\theta$) of matrices of $p \times p$, where $p$ is the dimension of $\beta$.

Multi-dimensional contrast

When $c > 1$ we are testing multiple contrasts at once. Here an F-statistic $$F = \frac{1}{c} (C\hat\beta)^\top (C \Phi(\hat\theta) C^\top)^{-1} C^\top (C\hat\beta)$$ is calculated, and we are interested in estimating an appropriate denominator degrees of freedom for $F$, while assuming $c$ are the numerator degrees of freedom. Note that only in special cases, such as orthogonal or balanced designs, the F distribution will be exact under the null hypothesis. In general, it is an approximation.

The calculations are described in detail in Christensen (2018), and we don’t repeat them here in detail. The implementation is in h_df_md_sat() and starts with an eigen-decomposition of the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the contrast estimate, i.e. $C \Phi(\hat\theta) C^\top$. The F-statistic can be rewritten as a sum of $t^2$ statistics based on these eigen-values. The corresponding random variables are independent (by design because they are derived from the orthogonal eigen-vectors) and essentially have one degree of freedom each. Hence, each of the $t$ statistics is treated as above in the one-dimensional contrast case, i.e. the denominator degree of freedom is calculated for each of them. Finally, using properties of the F distribution’s expectation, the denominator degree of freedom for the whole F statistic is derived.

Satterthwaite degrees of freedom for empirical covariance

In Bell and McCaffrey (2002) the Satterthwaite degrees of freedom in combination with a sandwich covariance matrix estimator are described.

One-dimensional contrast

For one-dimensional contrast, following the same notation in Details of the model fitting in mmrm and Details of the Kenward-Roger calculations, we have the following derivation. For an estimator of variance with the following term

$$v = s c^\top(X^\top X)^{-1}\sum_{i}{X_i^\top A_i \epsilon_i \epsilon_i^\top A_i X_i} (X^\top X)^{-1} c$$

where $s$ takes the value of $\frac{n}{n-1}$, $1$ or $\frac{n-1}{n}$, and $A_i$ takes $I_i$, $(I_i - H_{ii})^{-\frac{1}{2}}$, or $(I_i - H_{ii})^{-1}$ respectively, $c$ is a column vector, then $v$ can be decomposed into the a weighted sum of independent $\chi_1^2$ distribution, where the weights are the eigenvalues of the $n\times n$ matrix $G$ with elements $$G_{ij} = g_i^\top V g_j$$

where

$$g_i = s^{\frac{1}{2}} (I - H)_i^\top A_i X_i (X^\top X)^{-1} c$$$$H = X(X^\top X)^{-1}X^\top$$

$(I - H)_i$ corresponds to the rows of subject $i$.

So the degrees of freedom can be represented as $$\nu = \frac{(\sum_{i}\lambda_i)^2}{\sum_{i}{\lambda_i^2}}$$

where $\lambda_i, i = 1, \dotsc, n$ are the eigenvalues of $G$. Bell and McCaffrey (2002) also suggests that $V$ can be chosen as identify matrix, so $G_{ij} = g_i ^\top g_j$.

Following Weighted Least Square Estimator, we can transform the original $X$ into $\tilde{x}$ to use the above equations.

To avoid repeated computation of matrix $A_i$, $H$ etc for different contrasts, we calculate and cache the following

$$G^\ast_i = (I - H)_i^\top A_i X_i (X^\top X)^{-1}$$ which is a $\sum_i{m_i} \times p$ matrix. With different contrasts, we need only calculate the following $$g_i = G^\ast_i c$$ to obtain a $\sum_i{m_i} \times 1$ matrix, $G$ can be computed with $g_i$.

To obtain the degrees of freedom, and to avoid eigen computation on a large matrix, we can use the following equation

$$\nu = \frac{(\sum_{i}\lambda_i)^2}{\sum_{i}{\lambda_i^2}} = \frac{tr(G)^2}{\sum_{i}{\sum_{j}{G_{ij}^2}}}$$

The scale parameter is not used throughout the package.

The proof is as following

1. Proof of $$tr(AB) = tr(BA)$$

Let $A$ has dimension $p\times q$, $B$ has dimension $q\times p$$$tr(AB) = \sum_{i=1}^{p}{(AB)_{ii}} = \sum_{i=1}^{p}{\sum_{j=1}^{q}{A_{ij}B_{ji}}}$$

$$tr(BA) = \sum_{i=1}^{q}{(BA)_{ii}} = \sum_{i=1}^{q}{\sum_{j=1}^{p}{B_{ij}A_{ji}}}$$

so $tr(AB) = tr(BA)$

2. Proof of $$tr(G) = \sum_{i}(\lambda_i)$$ and $$\sum_{i}(\lambda_i^2) = \sum_{i}{\sum_{j}{G_{ij}^2}}$$ if $G = G^\top$

Following eigen decomposition, we have $$G = Q \Lambda Q^\top$$ where $\Lambda$ is diagonal matrix, $Q$ is orthogonal matrix.

Using the previous formula that $tr(AB) = tr(BA)$, we have

$$tr(G) = tr(Q \Lambda Q^\top) = tr(\Lambda Q^\top Q) = tr(\Lambda) = \sum_{i}(\lambda_i)$$

$$tr(G^\top G) = tr(Q \Lambda Q^\top Q \Lambda Q^\top) = tr(\Lambda^2 Q^\top Q) = tr(\Lambda^2) = \sum_{i}(\lambda_i^2)$$

and $tr(G^\top G)$ can be further expressed as

$$tr(G^\top G) = \sum_{i}{(G^\top G)_{ii}} = \sum_{i}{\sum_{j}{G^\top_{ij}G_{ji}}} = \sum_{i}{\sum_{j}{G_{ij}^2}}$$

Multi-dimensional contrast

For multi-dimensional contrast we use the same technique for multi-dimensional contrast for asymptotic covariance.

References

Bell RM, McCaffrey DF (2002). “Bias Reduction in Standard Errors for Linear Regression with Multi-Stage Samples.” Survey Methodology, 28(2), 169–182.

Christensen RHB (2018). Satterthwaite’s Method for Degrees of Freedom in Linear Mixed Models. Retrieved from https://github.com/runehaubo/lmerTestR/blob/35dc5885205d709cdc395b369b08ca2b7273cb78/pkg_notes/Satterthwaite_for_LMMs.pdf